NONE DATATYPE
==============
None ==> keyword in python
==> when we want to define a variable with nothing
Syntax:
	name of the data = None

a = None

print(id(a))
print(a)

===================================
TYPE CASTING
=============
==> ALSO CALLED AS "TYPE CONVERSION"
==> WHEN WE WANT TO CONVERT A DATA FROM ONE FORM TO ANOTHER FORM ==> TYPE CONVERSION IS USED.
==> THE INBUILT METHODS FOR TYPE CASTING ARE:
	int()
	float()
	complex()
	bool()
	str()
int()
===
==> when we need to convert any data/value into decimal, int() is used.
Syntax:
	int(the value)
Rules:
=====
1) any base value of an integer, can be converted into decimal.
2) any float value, can be allowed for the decimal conversion
Ex: int(0.0097) ==> 0
int(0.98e-2)
3) No complex value can be converted into decimal.
Note: int(complex) ==> Type Error
4) Boolean values (True,False) are considered for the decimal conversion.
5) Not all the string objects are allowed for decimal conversions.
If string with numerals (integer(decimal)) ==> '1234' ==> possible for decimal conversion
If string with non-numerals ==> not possible
Ex: "12.23", "abcd" ==> not allowed. ==> Value Error.

a = 0b11001
b = 0o112276
c = 0x1122ff
d = 0.00879
e = 1.23e-7
# f = 12-23j
f = True
g = False
h = '1234'
# i = '12.32'
i = 'abcd'

print("To Decimal Conversion from any base value : ")
print(int(a))
print(int(b))
print(int(c))

print("To Decimal Conversion from any Float Number:")
print(int(d))
print(int(e))

# print(int(f))

print("The Decimla Conversion from Boolean:")
print(int(f))
print(int(g))

print("String to Decimals:")
print(int(h))
# print(int(i))

========================================
float()
====
==> used to convert any data/value to float data
Syntax:
	float(data)

Rules:
=====
1) Any Integer data (includes: binary, octal, hexadecimal and decimal) allowed for float conversion.
2) No complex value is allowed for the float conversion. ==> Type Error
3) Boolean values are possible to float conversion.
4) when a string with any decimal and with any float is allowed for the float conversion
If string with alphabets and other special characters ==> Value Error

# Any Integer to Float Conversion

print(float(9876))
print(float(0b110001)) # binary ==> decimal ==> float
print(float(0o1122)) # octal ==> decimal ==> float
print(float(0x1122)) # hexadecimal ==> decimal ==> float

# complex to float conversion
# print(float(10+20j))

# Boolean to float conversion

print(float(True)) # boolean ==> decimal ==> float
print(float(False))

# string to float conversion
print(float('123'))
print(float('111.123'))
# print(float('0b11001'))

======================================================
complex()
========
==> used to convert any data to complex number
Syntax:
======
1) with single parameter
	complex(value)
Here:
	(+/-)value is the parameter ==> is understood as "real data" by default
	Imaginary ==> 0j
ex: complex(10) ==> 10 + 0j
2) with two parameters
	complex(val1,val2)
Here:
	val1 ==> real value ==> +eve/-eve
	val2 ==> imaginary value ==> +eve/-eve
op = val1 +/- val2j

Rules:
====
1) any base value of an integer is considered as real data and imaginary data also.
2) float ==> complex
3) boolean ==> complex
4) string with decimal and string with floats ==> complex

Note:
====
if complex(par1,par2):
	par1 ==> string
	par2 ==> not accepted.

# a = 23-0b110j

print(complex(0b1101))
print(complex(0b11001,0x1122))
print(complex(11.223))
print(complex(11.22,-22.34))

print(complex(True))
print(complex(True,False))
print(complex(False))

print(complex('1122'))
# print(complex('1122',9.123))
print(complex('0.997789'))
# print(complex('0b11001'))

===========================================
bool()
=====
==> used to convert any data into boolean
Syntax:
	bool(any value)

print(bool(0))
print(bool(1))
print(bool(10))
print(bool(-10))

print(bool(0.0))
print(bool(0.000001))

print(bool(0+0j))
print(bool(0-0j))
print(bool(1-0j))

print(bool(''))
print(bool(' '))
print(bool('a'))

=====================================

5) str()
=====
==> used to convert any data into string data.
Syntax:
	str(any value)

print(str(0b11001))
print(str(0o1122))
print(str(0x1122))
print(str(112233))

print(str(12e-23))
print(str(11.00043))

print(str(11-23j))

print(str(True))
print(str(False))