Type Conversion:
					================

Explicit Type Conversion:
=========================
1) int():
=========
-> it is used to convert a binary number into decimal.
-> it is also used to convert an octal number into decimal.

x = 0O123

print("Decimal for given Octal = ",int(x))

-> it is also used to convert an hexadecimal number into decimal.

x = 0x123
y = 0XA1

print("Decimal for given Hexadecimal = ",int(x))
print("Decimal for given Hexadecimal = ",int(y))

-> it can be also used to convert a floating-point value into decimal/integer.
-> int() can be used to convert Boolean value into decimal.
-> if a string with number (decimal only), int() can convert into decimal.

Note:
=====
int() cannot convert the complex number into decimal
int() cannot convert the string with alphabets into integer.


x = 0.00001
y = 123.00123
z = True
p = False
q = "1234"
# r = "123.234"
# r = 12-23j

# Float value conversion into integer
print("Decimal = ",int(x))
print("Decimal = ",int(y))

# Boolean value conversion into an integer
print("Decimal = ",int(z))
print("Decimal = ",int(p))

print(type(q))
print("Decimal = ",type(int(q)))
# print(int(r))

===============================================
2) float():
===========
Syntax:
	float(value)

-> can use to convert any integer value into float.
-> Boolean value also possible to convert into float.
-> when the string is defined with decimal number or floating-point number, then float() can convert into float.

Note:
=====
The complex number and string with alphabets are not possible to convert into float using float().

a = 0b11001 # binary
b = 0o12 # octal
c = 123 # decimal
d = 0x21 # hexadecimal
e = True
f = False
g = '123'
h = '123.2345'
# i = 12-23j

print(float(a))
print(float(b))
print(float(c))
print(float(d))
print(float(e))
print(float(f))
print(float(g))
print(type(float(h)))
# print(float(i))
=============================================================
3) complex():
=============
Syntax:
	complex(value)

-> any integer value can convert into complex number.
-> floating-point number can convert into complex.
-> Boolean value also possible to convert into complex.
-> Any string without alphabets and special characters can possible to convert into complex.

a = 0b1101
b = 120
c = 0o12
d = 0x21
e = 1.2e5
f = True
g = False
h = '1234'
i = '12.234'
j = '12-24j'
# k = '0b11001'

print(complex(a))
print(complex(b))
print(complex(c))
print(complex(d))
print(complex(e))
print(complex(f))
print(complex(g))
print(complex(h))
print(complex(i))
print(complex(j))
# print(complex(k))

====================================================
4) bool():
=========
Syntax:
	bool(value)

-> Any value other than the zero, can be consider as "True"
bool(10), bool(-10) ==> True
bool(0),bool(0.0),bool(0-0j) ==> False
bool('') ==> False
bool('a') ==> True

print(bool(10))
print(bool(-10))
print(bool(0))
print(bool(0.0))
print(bool(0-1j)) # True
print(bool(''))
print(bool('a'))

===========================================
5) str():
=========
Syntax:
	str(value)

-> any value can convert into string

print(type(str(10)))
print(type(str(0b11001)))
print(type(str(12.234)))
==================================================
input():
========
Syntax:
	variable = input("some text")

==> input() can read any value in string format.

# taking an integer value

a = int(input("Enter some value:"))
# taking a float value
b = float(input("Enter some value:"))
# reading of complex value
c = complex(input("Enter some value:"))
# reading of boolean value
d = bool(input("Enter some value:"))

print(type(a))
print(type(b))
print(type(c))
print(type(d))
============================================
Taking of binary, octal and hexadecimal in run time:
====================================================
Syntax:

	identifier = int(input(),base)
here:
	input() function by default can read a value in string
	base => differ from one base to another
		binary ==> base-2
		octal ==> base-8
		hexadecimal ==> base-16

	var1 = int(input("text"),2)	# binary
	var2 = int(input("text"),8)	# octal
	var3 = int(input("text"),16)	# hexadecimal

a = int(input("Enter a binary value:"),2)
b = int(input("Enter an octal value:"),8)
c = int(input("Enter an hexadecimal value:"),16)

# any base value want to convert int decimal, int() can be used.
# print() can print any base value in decimal by default.
print(a)
print(b)
print(c)

Small Test Case Scenario for understanding of binary data usage
===============================================================
# ASSUME WE ARE TESTING A SOFTWARE SYSTEM LIKE TELE COMMUNICATION SYSTEM THAT DEALS WITH CONTRL
# FLAGS STORED AS BINARY NUMBERS (LIKE: 101010101). IN THIS CASE, WE NEED TO VERIFY IF A SPECIFIC
# BIT IS SET OR CLEARED.

def testFlag(binaryValue,bitPosition):
    return (binaryValue >> bitPosition) & 1 == 1

binaryValue = 1010101
bitPosition = 3

result = testFlag(binaryValue,bitPosition)

if(result == True):
    print("Test Case Passed.") # given bit position is set
else:
    print("Test Case Failed.") # given bit position is clear