Datatypes in Pythons:
=====================
1) Primitive Datatypes
======================
	fundamental datatypes in python are primitive datatypes.
		Numerical type
			Integer
			Floating-point
			Complex
		Non-numerical type
			Boolean

Note:
=====
	Python ==> Object Oriented Programming Language
That every datatype in python is a built-in datatype
	because for each datatype we have a pre-defined class in python library.

Integer ==> int
float-point ==> float
complex ==> complex
Boolean ==> bool

x = 10
y = 12.23

type(x) ==> <class 'int'>
type(y) ==> <class 'float'>



High-level programming languages
	1) Procedural Programming languages : C
		printf(), scanf(), putchar(), getchar(), puts(), gets(), malloc(), calloc() etc.
	2) Object Based : VB Script
	3) Object Oriented: C++, Python, Java etc.

OOPs ==> Object Oriented Programming System:
===========================================
Class
Object
Method
Encapsulation
Inheritance
Polymorphism
Abstraction etc.

=========================================
Integer datatype:
=================
0, 1, 2, ..
int ==> class for integer
	can allow to define in four ways:
		1) Decimal form
		2) binary form
		3) octal form
		4) hexadecimal form

1) Decimal form:
================
	base-10 number system
	value can allow to define with 10 literals ==> 0 to 9
	==> can be either the +eve or -eve value
	ex: x = 9876, y = -123

2) binary form:
===============
	base-2 number system
	value can allow to define with only two literals ==> 0 and 1
	ex: a = 110011001
	==> binary number can always prefix with ==> 0B/0b
	ex: a = 0b110001001001

3) octal form:
==============
	base-8 number system
	value can allow to define with 8-literals ==> 0 to 7
	ex: a = 1276 # decimal
	==> The Octal number can prefix with: 0o/0O
	ex: a = 0O1276 # octal

4) hexadecimal form:
====================
	base-16 number system
		can allow to define the value with 16-literals 	
			0 to 9 ==> 10-literals
			A/a to F/f ==> 6-literals 
	==> hexadecimal can always prefix with: 0X/0x
	ex: a = 0x12

a = 9876
b = -123

c = 110011001
d = 0B110011001

e = 12
f = 0O12

g = 0x12

print(a,type(a))
print(b,type(b))

print(c,type(c))
print(d,type(d))

print(e,type(e))
print(f,type(f))

print(g,type(g))

=====================================
bin():
=====
	==> a built-in method
		used to convert any integer number into binary.
	Syntax:
		bin(any integer value)

a = 10
b = 0O21
c = 0Xaf

print(a,bin(a))
print(b,bin(b))
print(c,bin(c))
========================================

oct():
=====
	==> can use to convert any integer to octal
	Syntax:
		oct(any integer number)

hex()
====
	==> can use to convert any integer to hexadecimal
	Syntax:
		hex(any integer)


a = 100
b = 0b11001
c = 0o123
d = 0x321

# any number to decimal

print(a)
print(b)
print(c)
print(d)

# any number to binary:

print(bin(a))
print(bin(b))
print(bin(c))
print(bin(d))

# any number to octal

print(oct(a))
print(oct(b))
print(oct(c))
print(oct(d))

# any number to hexadecimal

print(hex(a))
print(hex(b))
print(hex(c))
print(hex(d))

=====================================
1) decimal to binary
====================
	decimal should divide with '2' until the quotient is reached to '0'
		==> after that, arrange all the remainders from bottom to top.
2) decimal to octal
===================
	decimal should divide with '8' until the quotient is reached to '0'
		==> after that, arrange all the remainders from bottom to top.
3) decimal to hexadecimal
==========================
	decimal should divide with '16' until the quotient is reached to '0'
		==> after that, arrange all the remainders from bottom to top.
4) binary to decimal
====================
	follow the number system
		from right to left
			each binary literal of given sequence multiplied with its coefficients (2 powers) and sum together.
5) octal to decimal
===================
	follow the number system
		from right to left
			each binary literal of given sequence multiplied with its coefficients (8 powers) and sum together.

6) hexadecimal to decimal
=========================
	follow the number system
		from right to left
			each binary literal of given sequence multiplied with its coefficients (16 powers) and sum together.

7) Octal to hexadecimal
=======================
	octal ===> binary
	in octal, that each octal literal can be defined with 3-bit binary
	in binary, the total sequence from right to left with 4-bit pair should divide and convert each pair into hexadecimal

================================================
Assignment:
===========
decimal to binary, octal, hexadecimal
======================================
1122, 109, 97, 79

binary to decimal
=================
0b11100011001

octal to hexadecimal
=====================
0o112233